S. 1136 (119th)Bill Overview

DETERRENCE Act

Crime and Law Enforcement|Crime and Law EnforcementCriminal investigation, prosecution, interrogation
Cosponsors
Support
Bipartisan
Introduced
Mar 26, 2025
Discussions
Bill Text
Current stageIntroduced

Held at the desk.

Introduced
Committee
Floor
President
Law
Congressional Activities
01 · The brief

The bill adds sentencing enhancements across several federal criminal statutes when offenses are committed knowingly at the direction of, or in coordination with, a foreign government or an agent of a foreign government.

It amends 18 U.S.C. provisions governing kidnapping, murder-for-hire, stalking, threats/retaliation against federal officials, protection of officers/employees, and presidential assassination/kidnapping/assault to authorize additional prison time (typically up to 5 or 10 years, sometimes 30 months) for acts tied to foreign governments.

It also includes related conspiracy and attempt provisions and some technical conforming edits to other statutes.

Passage40/100

Content is targeted, security-focused, and low-cost, making enactment plausible; definitional and civil-liberty concerns and lack of compromise features limit certainty.

CredibilityPartially aligned

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill is a straightforward substantive statutory amendment package that adds sentencing enhancements to multiple federal offenses when committed knowingly at the direction of or in coordination with a foreign government or its agent. The amendments target specific code sections, use consistent enhancement language, and include adjustments for conspiracy and attempt in several places.

Contention30/100

Progressives stress civil‑liberties and over‑incarceration risks

02 · What it does

Who stands to gain, and who may push back.

Who this appears to help vs burden50% / 50%
Federal agenciesFederal agencies
Likely helped
  • Targeted stakeholdersRaises maximum penalties for violent crimes involving foreign-directed coordination, intended to strengthen legal deter…
  • Federal agenciesIncreases protection for federal officials, officers, and presidential persons through additional sentencing authority.
  • Targeted stakeholdersGives prosecutors added leverage in charging and plea negotiations for crimes tied to foreign actors.
Likely burdened
  • Targeted stakeholdersVague or broad 'coordination' and 'agent' terms could expand prosecutorial discretion and uneven charging.
  • Targeted stakeholdersProving foreign-government direction may rely on classified evidence, complicating trials and increasing litigation cos…
  • Federal agenciesExpanded federal sentencing may overlap state authority, raising federal-state jurisdictional tensions.
03 · Why people split

Why the argument around this bill splits.

Progressives stress civil‑liberties and over‑incarceration risks
Progressive75%

Likely supportive of stronger penalties for violent and foreign-directed attacks against officials and civilians, seeing national-security rationale.

However, concerns arise about expanded sentencing, vague definitions ("agent of a foreign government"), and potential civil‑liberties or profiling risks, especially for immigrants and political activists.

Leans supportive
Centrist70%

Generally favorable because it targets violent, foreign‑linked criminal activity and appears narrowly focused on serious offenses.

Will seek clear legal standards, evidentiary thresholds, and minimal unintended consequences before full support.

Leans supportive
Conservative85%

Likely strongly supportive because the bill increases penalties against foreign‑directed attacks, protects officials and families, and reinforces deterrence.

Concerns are limited and pragmatic—ensuring enforcement effectiveness and avoiding interference with legitimate intelligence and defense activities.

Leans supportive
04 · Can it pass?

The path through Congress.

Introduced

Reached or meaningfully advanced

Committee

Still ahead

Floor

Still ahead

President

Still ahead

Law

Still ahead

Passage likelihood40/100

Content is targeted, security-focused, and low-cost, making enactment plausible; definitional and civil-liberty concerns and lack of compromise features limit certainty.

Scope and complexity
52%
Scopemoderate
52%
Complexitymedium
Why this could stall
  • How courts would interpret 'agent of a foreign government'.
  • Burden and proof standards for 'direction' or 'coordination'.
05 · Recent votes

Recent votes on the bill.

No vote history yet

The bill has not accumulated any surfaced votes yet.

06 · Go deeper

Go deeper than the headline read.

Included on this page

Progressives stress civil‑liberties and over‑incarceration risks

Content is targeted, security-focused, and low-cost, making enactment plausible; definitional and civil-liberty concerns and lack of compro…

Unlocked analysis

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill is a straightforward substantive statutory amendment package that adds sentencing enhancements to multiple federal offenses when committed knowingly at the direction…

Go beyond the headline summary with full stakeholder mapping, legislative design analysis, passage barriers, and lens-by-lens tradeoff breakdowns.

Perspective breakdownsPassage barriersLegislative design reviewStakeholder impact map
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