S. 1388 (119th)Bill Overview

PROTECT Act of 2025

Foreign Trade and International Finance|Foreign Trade and International Finance
Cosponsors
Support
Lean Republican
Introduced
Apr 9, 2025
Discussions
Bill Text
Current stageCommittee

Read twice and referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs.

Introduced
Committee
Floor
President
Law
Congressional Activities
01 · The brief

The bill expands the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) jurisdiction to cover certain greenfield and brownfield investments by foreign countries of concern.

It defines covered transactions to include purchase, lease, or concession of U.S. real estate combined with establishing a U.S. business to operate on that site when control could result by specified foreign-government-linked actors.

The bill adds ownership, appointment, and former-official connection thresholds (including a 5 percent interest threshold and appointment powers) to determine coverage.

Passage60/100

Targeted national-security expansion with precedent (CFIUS reforms) improves prospects, though industry pushback and federalism concerns create headwinds.

CredibilityPartially aligned

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill provides a focused and well-integrated statutory expansion of CFIUS jurisdiction to cover specified greenfield and brownfield investments by 'foreign countries of concern' and establishes a mandatory filing requirement. The statutory text is precise in many respects (specific insertion points, ownership/control criteria, cross-references) but leaves several operational and resourcing matters to existing authorities.

Contention30/100

Progressives emphasize security and preventing foreign control

02 · What it does

Who stands to gain, and who may push back.

Who this appears to help vs burden50% / 50%
StatesDevelopers · Local governments
Likely helped
  • StatesIncreases national security oversight over foreign-state-linked greenfield and brownfield investments.
  • Targeted stakeholdersEnables scrutiny of potential foreign government control of new U.S. factories or facilities.
  • StatesCloses a regulatory gap that previously exempted some real-estate-based investments from CFIUS review.
Likely burdened
  • DevelopersAdds regulatory burden and compliance costs for foreign investors and U.S. project developers.
  • Targeted stakeholdersMay discourage some foreign direct investment and potential job-creating projects.
  • Local governmentsExtends federal review into real estate and local economic development decisions.
03 · Why people split

Why the argument around this bill splits.

Progressives emphasize security and preventing foreign control
Progressive85%

Likely supportive because the bill increases oversight of foreign-government-linked investments, protecting national security and domestic jobs.

It aligns with precautionary approaches to supply chains and foreign influence in critical facilities.

Leans supportive
Centrist70%

Generally supportive but cautious; sees national security rationale yet worries about economic and administrative tradeoffs.

Wants clearer definitions, cost estimates, and procedural limits to avoid unnecessary burdens.

Leans supportive
Conservative60%

Mixed: supportive of measures that protect national security from adversarial governments, but concerned about expanded federal authority and economic impacts on private property and investment.

Preference for narrow, clearly limited scope.

Split reaction
04 · Can it pass?

The path through Congress.

Introduced

Reached or meaningfully advanced

Committee

Reached or meaningfully advanced

Floor

Still ahead

President

Still ahead

Law

Still ahead

Passage likelihood60/100

Targeted national-security expansion with precedent (CFIUS reforms) improves prospects, though industry pushback and federalism concerns create headwinds.

Scope and complexity
52%
Scopemoderate
52%
Complexitymedium
Why this could stall
  • Which countries qualify as ‘‘foreign countries of concern’’ under referenced statute
  • Extent of business and foreign investor lobbying against mandatory filings
05 · Recent votes

Recent votes on the bill.

No vote history yet

The bill has not accumulated any surfaced votes yet.

06 · Go deeper

Go deeper than the headline read.

Included on this page

Progressives emphasize security and preventing foreign control

Targeted national-security expansion with precedent (CFIUS reforms) improves prospects, though industry pushback and federalism concerns cr…

Unlocked analysis

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill provides a focused and well-integrated statutory expansion of CFIUS jurisdiction to cover specified greenfield and brownfield investments by 'foreign countries of con…

Go beyond the headline summary with full stakeholder mapping, legislative design analysis, passage barriers, and lens-by-lens tradeoff breakdowns.

Perspective breakdownsPassage barriersLegislative design reviewStakeholder impact map
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